Social Media Is A Growing Phenomenon Media Essay

Online life Is A Growing Phenomenon Media Essay Online life is a developing marvel in our current data age. For some people, especially the adolescent, online networking and other newmedia apparatuses give the stage to make, spread and offer data among gatherings and in different cases solidify existing associations (Lind Zmud, 1995; refered to in Haythornthwaite, 2002). The force and impacts of the online life marvel in forming our present reality can't be disregarded. Its effect is seen as an organizing device for countless the universes political developments. The irate fights that pushed the expulsion of Philippine President Joseph Estrada (Shirky, 2011; Safranek, 2012) and the political unrests that occurred in the Middle East generally alluded to as the Arab Spring are nevertheless a few instances of the strength of the online networking in enabling residents and anticipating their will. Again in political crusading, internet based life is attributed to have contributed fundamentally to the appointive accomplishment of then up-and-comer Barak Obama as his reception of the innovation encouraged his span to and gathering support from numerous youthful voters, and furthermore bolster his raising support during the 2008 American presidential races (YouTube and the 2008 Election Cycle in the United States, 2009; Haley, 2011/12). In Ghana, some of the presidential and parliamentary possibility for the 2012 decisions have made nearness on the different web based life stages focusing on their crusade messages at the diverse social gatherings found on these stages. Promoters, advertisers just as different organizations and brands in Ghana are steadily embracing online life to encourage collaborations among themselves and the crowds they look to reach. The pattern in this methods for correspondence isn't entirely different based on what's going on all inclusive. The web based life prevailing fashion is accepted to have improved social trades (Grincheva, 2012), made, kept up and developed social ties in a critical number of social settings (Haythornthwaite, 2002). For a lot of individuals, it is practically difficult to exist in our current world and not be influenced by the online networking marvel. It has become some portion of our new world which is driven widely by data and correspondence. The significance of city commitment in popularity based allotments can't be over underscored. Different works recommend less municipal commitment in numerous western countries (Banaji Buckingham, 2010). These works infer diminishes, particularly among Americas youthful age, in social and political happenings, for example, chipping in for network exercises and casting a ballot to choose political authorities. They infer that such lack of concern towards urban commitment represents a danger to the countrys popular government. Urban discussion or talk is a valuable proportion of community commitment. Great community discourse,㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦enriches the arrangement of goals and decisions by which residents oversee themselves (Institute for Civic Discourse and Democracy, 2006). In this way in a period where Information and Communication Technology instruments are encouraging effective correspondence and have become a fascination for some, recognizably the adolescent, understanding its appropriation for the advancement of municipal talks in Ghana can't be ignored. Foundation The online life application runs on the foot of the web innovation. The web in our present reality coordinates the way where effective methods for correspondence is conveyed here and there, individual to individual and culture to culture. There are desires that the web will get omnipresent (Rao, 2012). Analysts and researchers have different assessments of the effects of the web and new media innovation on our present reality. Their conclusions are communicated extensively in idealistic and tragic points of view and spread all parts of life of which the innovation is experienced. The utopians welcome the Internet as a possibly colossal apparatus for good. The positive prospects from the Internet incorporate supporting the act of popular government, human collaborations, purposeful political activity, training, and so forth. Then again the dystopians, the cyberpunks and the scaremongers, see peril in each computerized undertaking to the degree of its motivation to an extreme loss of o ur humankind. The numerous writings messages, Facebook remarks or tweets that fill radio and TV programs every day as indicated by Utopians advocates are demonstrative of the web engaging conventional residents to partake and have their voices heard in the talks on issues that influence their lives in the networks they live in. Be that as it may, when stories, for example, the homicide of a multi year old young lady by companions she had met on Facebook make the news (Adeboye Ayodeji , 2012),dystopian defenders have cause to caution of the perils of the web innovation. (Chime, 2001) Understanding the web and all its related innovation and applications requires a comprehension of the measurements under which the web can be considered. Chime discloses three different ways to understanding the web or its equivalent word the internet: the material, representative and experiential. Ringer refers to Stanley Aronowitz (1996) as giving the terms cosmology, phenomenology and pragmatics as different equivalent words to examine perspectives about the web innovation. Material accounts of the web innovation give an authentic comprehension of how the innovation came to exist and the changes it has experienced. Subsequently the coming of the ARPAnet-a system of geologically isolated PCs that could trade data between army bases (Bellis, 2012) is a model material comprehension of the web innovation. Emblematic accounts of the web or the internet give abstract and conventional records most eminently in cyberpunk yet in addition in sci-fi and other theoretical fiction (Whittaker, 2004). Ringer, refering to Jordan (1999), gives a clarification to emblematic accounts of the internet as the manners by which the domain of the internet is portrayed in movies and fiction, for example Robocop, Matrix. Robocop treats emblematic portrayals of the awful cop and the great cop (Newitz, 1997), situations which are on-going discussions in our material world. Experiential stories, as per Bell, identify with the convergences of the material and representative accounts of the internet in our regular day to day existence. Our day by day connections with the web innovation give establishments to understanding the web and its related new media advances. Experiential instances of the new media are clear in its capacity to permit individuals: to all the more effectively work from their homes, to shape and continue companionships and sentimental connections, to bank from their homes, to cast a ballot and take part in political and social-issue-based conversations and urban talk, may enable modest individuals who think that its hard to partake in correspondence to share their perspectives on issues. A tragic view sees the approach of burglary of individual data, extensive decrease in physical contact and eye to eye correspondence, infection dangers to information and data stockpiling just as an absence of profitability in work. Extensively, the conversations on the examination will be arranged more in experiential understandings of the internet. New media and internet based life New media devices, web based innovations and applications, give stages to web based life apparatuses to be utilized for all way of discussions including municipal talks (Simon, 2007, pp. 258-259). The new media innovation is rapidly changing the correspondence and media industry with its investigation itemizing how advanced (PC) innovation is applied to mass interchanges (Hoggatt, 1999). Distinctly the new media innovation has not totally separated the hugeness of conventional media channels however along these lines made an intermingling having its effect on society, business, and administration exceptional. The Internet, satellite and link information transmission, PC helped intercessions and examination, sight and sound distributing, versatile and telephone connections, and word preparing are nevertheless instances of new media innovation. New media innovation has gotten progressive in its capacity to deal with in the background work and becomeâ the completed item (Hoggatt, 1999). Its capacity to separate the impediments of existence, change the perceived leverage in impartial chances to convey in the broad communications are recorded commitments to the tasks of contemporary social orders (Nag, 2011; Hoggatt, 1999). A segment of the new media innovation is web-based social networking which is regularly incorrectly utilized interchangeably to speak to new media. Internet based life alludes to online advancements and practices that are utilized to impart insights and data, advance conversation and construct connections (Crown Copyright, 2009). The application shares the highlights of Participation, Openness, Conversation, Community, and Connectedness (iCrossing, 2008). As indicated by iCrossing, online networking can by and by be found in the accompanying fundamental structures: Social Networks:sites which permit individuals to construct individual website pages and afterward associate with companions to share substance and correspondence. Facebook, Myspace, bebo and Academia.edu are instances of informal communities. Web journals: online diaries with passages showing up with the latest first. Wikis: sites which permit individuals to add substance to or alter the data on them, going about as a collective report or database. The most popular wiki is wikipedia Webcasts: sound and video documents that are accessible by membership, through administrations like apple itunes. Gatherings: zones for online conversation, frequently around explicit themes and interests. Gatherings came to fruition before the term internet based life and are a ground-breaking and mainstream component of online networks. Content Communities: arrange and share specific sorts of substance. The most mainstream content networks will in general structure around photographs (flickr), bookmarked joins (del.icio.us) and recordings (YouTube). Smaller scale blogging: informal communication joined with reduced down

Future of Management Essay -- essays research papers

With our economy proceeding to falter, an expanding number of organizations both open and private are hoping to protect themselves by recruiting the board administrators that have seen tough situations previously. This new pattern might be on to something.      Recently, Sam Brothwell, an investigator with Merrill Lynch, addressed a gathering of organizations and expressed that something that he found with most organizations is that there is somewhat progressively silver hair, which he discovered encouraging in today’s business place. Because of the insecure market organizations are presently taking a gander at the more experienced chief with regards to enrolling top-level administration authorities.      It has not generally been like this, be that as it may. Advertisements depict Chief Executive Officers as twenty-something fashionable people with rose-hued glasses, rather than the sixty-somethings in charcoal suits and silver hair. Take for example Silicon Valley and its administration staffs, many organizations were doused with youngsters who vowed to the organization that they had a finger on the beat of innovation. These youngsters likewise were very positive that they could make their organization millions. Did it occur? Now and again indeed, yet in most no.      A part of organizations fall flat since they don't have long haul field-tested strategies, and that accompanies understanding. Experienced administration is likewise observed as a draw for financial speculator hoping to put resources into an organization. The experience that individuals bri...

My Application is Complete Now What COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

My Application is Complete Now What COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog So your application is submitted and all materials have been received (i.e. complete), now you have some free time to start preparing for school in the fall. What should I do? Good question! We have compiled a list of things you can do while you wait for an admissions decision from SIPA and other policy schools. Please remember, these are only some suggestions that we think would be helpful while waiting for admission decisions… Keep updated with current events: Policy courses at SIPA will introduce both old and new policy events that will be analyzed and dissected. Take for example, the Columbia University expansion in New York City it’s been discussed in multiple classes, most recently “Policy Implementation” with Professor Kristina Ford. Keeping yourself updated with current events at the local, federal and foreign events will help you understand concepts and contribute to class discussions. Suggested sites: Slate New York Times BBC Foreign Policy Magazine The Economist Al Jazeera Review quantitative courses: SIPA students are expected to learn how to read and analyze policy papers heavy with quantitative information. In fact, three of the core classes for MIA and MPA are under the economics and statistics department. Having an understanding of the basics in economics and statistics will only help you succeed in the classroom. Lastly, brushing on some math will help during the ever-popular Math Camp.  Students can take courses at their local Community College over the Summer and or take free online classes, also known as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC). To get you started, here are some links we found by doing a simple Google search on the topic: Microeconomics Introduction to Statistics Intro to Pre Calculus Via LifeHacker: Extra Credit: How To Find Your Own Online Classes Blog post throwback: To Be or Not To Be Afraid of Quantitative Courses at SIPA *Side note if you are thinking about applying to SIPA in the future, courses taken to strengthen your quantitative background/skills on your application should be taken at an accredited (or international equivalent) university for a grade. Volunteer Opportunities: Looking for other ways to get prepared?  Nonprofits in your local community deal with everyday issues (homelessness, higher education access, foreign aid, etc), volunteering with them will give you a unique perspective of how nonprofits tackle some of some the most pressing problems. The experience will provide you with an understanding of different management styles that will be essential in the classroom. So, where can I find volunteer opportunities? Below are some sites we found to be useful: idealist Check your local city for volunteer opportunities, for example NYC External Funding Search: Although the application deadline has passed, funding season is still open. You should always be looking into funding opportunities beyond SIPA fellowships and loans. Our Financial Aid Department has compiled a list of external funding opportunities for incoming and continuing students. The advance search option allows you to search by category (i.e. human right, Urban policy) and by application deadline. Buy a Coat!: Thinking of making the brave move from warmer climates to the (U.S.) northeast? It’s the perfect time to buy a winter coat many stores are gearing up for Spring and will be having last minute sales on winter coats. Take these suggestions with a grain of salt good luck with admission decisions!

Religious, Social, Philosophical, And Political Upheaval

Religious, social, philosophical, and political upheaval spread throughout both Europe and the Americas during over the course of the eighteenth century. In prominent Western nations such as England, France, and Spain, religious tensions persisted from power struggles between Catholicism and Protestantism throughout the 1600s. However, while governments remained entrenched in organized religion at a state level, Enlightenment ideas emphasizing human reason brought about a new epistemological ideology, called deism (Duiker, 463). While this previously unfamiliar philosophy failed to replace the dominant Protestant or Catholic religions of established nations, revolutionist movements toward the end of the 1700s fully embraced deism. In†¦show more content†¦Despite the influence of Enlightenment throughout the Western world during the French and Indian War, France and England’s government-level worldviews remained decidedly theistic. Because of this, the Treaty of Pari s, which detailed the terms of truce at the end of the war in 1763, remains untouched by deistic, humanistic influences. With centuries-long traditions entrenched in either Protestant or Catholic theologies, leaders of both nations either possessed no desire to break the status quo or found attempting a separation of church and state impossible. In the centuries leading up to the French and Indian War, which is the official name for the North American front of the Severn Years War, both France and England experienced significant religious turmoil. France, led by King Louis XV at the treaty’s signing, maintained a heavily Catholic tradition since King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes in 1598. As for England under King George III, the official Church of England followed protestant theology (Duiker, 390-391). These deeply ingrained traditional ideologies prevented deism and other enlightenment theologies from dominating the thoughts and language expressed in the Treaty of P aris. Holding to their traditional theological leanings, authors of France and England’s Treaty ofShow MoreRelatedThe Han Dynasty1195 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophies can be distinguished in the religious and superstitious beliefs and practices that were performed in Han China. The implementation of these three philosophies during a time of political corruption, and spiritual chaos helped to create an overall calmer and intellectual society. The philosophical and spiritual movement of this time and in turn shaped modern religions, state ethics and beliefs. Prior to the so-called da-yi-tong (great unity) within the political systems of the Qin and Han dynastiesRead MoreVisions Of Reforms And Reformation1488 Words   |  6 Pagesminds of the people, while Marx sought progress through direct means -- political upheaval and reformation of government, society, and currency through the armed uprising of the worker. Their similarities and differences can segregated into three distinct categories and questions: What does progress consist in? How does progress occur? Where is progress bringing us? In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (1792), Wollstonecraft described the concept ofRead MoreScience, Religion, Politics And The Arts Of Modern Europe1386 Words   |  6 PagesAside from the trade markets and early industrialism, quickly changing thoughts regarding science, God, man and the cosmos propelled political philosophies into uncharted territories. Modern thinking led to the philosophical writings which helped usher in the acceptance of these thoughts to much of society. Science and religion were the hinges to the new political environment; all of these changes in society greatly affected the many works of painters, sculptors, novelists, poets, musicians, filmRead MoreLi in Confucianism Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesSinology). Herbert Fingarettes book Confucius -- the Secular as Sacred focuses on Li, one of the core concepts about human nature, comportment and relationships in Confucianism. As a professional philosophe r, the author is interested in philosophical interpretation of Analects. Actually, he has given the first such reading of Confucianism in the West. That is, he has touched upon subjects in Confucianism that a philosopher in the West will pay attention to. 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Without this uprising, that changed the face of the entire country and influenced local political life in many countries in Europe, in all likelihood the France we know today would never have existed. The People of France in the last part of the 18th century were experiencing severe food shortages, increasing the cost of living, and political leaders who were doing very little to fix the state of chaos in whichRead MoreHamlet Essay Holly Silm1491 Words   |  6 Pagescommentators. The consequent reception and significance assigned to this text over the centuries simultaneously betrays the polyspersectivity of critical interpretation and the expedient perspicacity of social commentators. Asserting that Shakespeare and his work reflects the philosophical, moral and religious tensions of the Renaissance society; Shakespeare clearly refines the responders’ perception of fraudulency in light of his own context. 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With an upheaval of philosophical, aesthetic, and social ideas in the Romantic movement of that time but he was still deeply concerned with social reform. During that time the intellectual influential force was the philosophy of Hegel. Karl Marx became a follower of Hegel’s philosophie s so much so that he abandoned his legal

Argument Between Science and Religion Essay - 1550 Words

Why would educated, reasonable people believe in one side of an argument when the majority of the evidence points to the other? The argument between science and religion began with Charles Darwin publishing Origin of the Species, and since then, is still a conflict, because every individual questions: Where do people come from? Where does the earth come from? The universe? Not only Charles Darwin, but many scientist who followed Charles Darwin as a paragon of evolution, found evidence and answers to argue that evolution is the more reasonable theory in the question of: Where did everything come from? This paper focuses on a traditional Creationist theory as described in the Genesis story of creation in the Hebrew Bible. Evolution is the†¦show more content†¦But then the next question is: Where did god come from? If that gets considered as an unanswerable question, then save a step and say the origins of the universe are an unanswered question. Creationist also argue, that god always existed, why not save a step again and consider that the universe always existed, but then there wouldn’t be a need for a creation, it was always there. These are not easy questions. In an evolutionist eyes though, the universe did not always existed, but was the consequence of an unusual event. The Big Bang. How could life begin without intelligent interference? It is possible that through a chemical process life can begin without intelligent interference. To answer this question requires looking at the primordial earth as it was over 1.7 billion years ago: warm, mostly wet, and with an atmosphere of different gases like hydrogen, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. DNA is a chain of just four different types of nuclear tights. Under the condition of the primordial earth those nuclear tights can form on they own. After they formed the next step is to join together. Researches found that the clay in the primordial earth was in perfect condition for them to join and so they did. The result was RNA. RNA is able to make copies of itself. The copies are not always perfect there are mistakes. The ones that are copied better are stronger and survive. And so over 1.000 years RNA grew more complex to DNA. DNA needsShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Religion And Science907 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationship between religion and science is indubitably debated. Barbour describes four ways of viewing this relationship (conflict, independence, d ialogue--religion explains what science cannot, and integration--religion and science overlap). Gould presents a case in which religion and science are non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA), that the two entities teach different things and therefore do not conflict. 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In order to properly defend this posit ion, I will define science and religion, establish that they’re exclusive to their domains, present an argumentRead MoreThe Relationship Between Science and Religion Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between science and religion has been debated for many years. With strong personal opinions and beliefs, it is not surprising that no progress has been made in this argument. In my opinion, I feel as though religion and science have to be related in some way. There is no possible way people can separate two things that attempt to prove the same facts. My belief is that a metaphorical bridge has to be formed to connect the two. Personally, I feel as though science can be a complimentRead MoreThe God Delusion By Richard Dawkins1598 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence. 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Throughout history this conflict has been proven through, Galileo’s sentence of house arrest in 1632 over his claim of a sun-centered solar system, to the more recent Scopes â€Å"Monkey Trial,† in 1925; that lead to the great debate between Darrow and Jennings BryanRead MoreThe Difference Between Science and Religion1630 Words   |  7 PagesScience has had a shor t life when compared to religion. Yet weve seen civilizations better themselves a thousandfold since hands unclasped, grabbed scientific instruments and started measuring the world. Is science some form of new religion? Or is science different from religion? Debates of this matter have been common since the dawn of science. Articles on their differences, similarities and clashings have crept up on society and affected everyone in the western civilization. Most recently, religiousRead MoreSearching for the Origin of Life Essay880 Words   |  4 Pagesprevious simple answer was almost left behind. Religion has science to blame for its loss of complete power of the people. Perhaps this is why the religious society is so unwilling to find a happy median. Although that is completely understandable, science did embarrassingly undermine their entire belief system, or did it? A growing number of people from each belief system are beginning to understand that science and religion depend upon each other to give the best answer Read MoreScience Reflection Paper967 Words   |  4 Pagesunit is called â€Å"What is Science?† and the first thing that brings to my mind is that â€Å"It’s everywhere!†. I also remember that the word science comes from the Latin word â€Å"scientia† which means â€Å"to know†. From computers to plants to cells to outer space, science is found everywhere. It has different branches, from medicine, to biology, to physics. The list goes on and on and on. But what exactly is science? How does science affect humanity? How does philosophy, science and religion relate to each other

Xbox 360 vs Ps3 Free Essays

Samuel Clark March 12, 2010 ENGL112 Compare/ Contrast Essay â€Å"Microsoft XBOX 360 versus Sony Playstation 3† The video game industry has come a long way since Magnavox released the Odyssey in 1972. It has become an extremely lucrative business allowing for huge upgrades on new consoles. The current generation of consoles is dominated by Microsoft’s XBOX 360 and Sony’s Playstation 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Xbox 360 vs Ps3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the last generation the Microsoft XBOX was considered by many critics as a better console than the Sony Playstation 2. This generation has brought about more competition among the systems, as there is more technology for each manufacturer to take advantage of. While there are similarities in the two, it is their differences in which the Playstation 3 takes advantage of the XBOX 360’s miscues. Real differences start to appear when you get into the consoles’ features. Sony has equipped the Playstation 3 with Blu-ray, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth capabilities standard on each console (Falcone). None of these comes with the XBOX 360; however Wi-Fi and HD DVD attachments are available separately (Bakalar). In addition Playstation 3 is backwards compatible, meaning that games from previous generations are playable on this system. The XBOX 360 plays older games only if you purchase a hard drive unit. Finally The Xbox 360 charges a fee for online play and usage whereas the Playstation 3 does not. Also both consoles have Netflix capabilities. Each of these consoles present examples of how far our technology has come. Microsoft offers far superior web support, however the features that come standard on the Playstation 3 are pricey attachments on the XBOX 360. On the other hand, the XBOX 360 is sold for $100 less than the Playstations 3. Because of the exclusive games and the features that come with it, the Playstation 3 has a bit of an advantage over the XBOX 360. Nevertheless, in a market that sustains itself on rapidly evolving technologies, it would not be wise to get comfortable at the top for anyone. Works Cited Bakalar, Jeff, and John Falcone. â€Å"MIcrosoft Xbox 360. † Rev. of Xbox 360, by Jeff Bakalar. www. cnet. com. CNET, 11 Sept. 2009. Web. 19 Mar. 2009. http://reviews. cnet. com/? consoles/? microsoft-xbox-360-20gb/? 4505-10109_7-3135 How to cite Xbox 360 vs Ps3, Papers

Performance and Compensation Management

Question: Discuss about the Performance and Compensation Management. Answer: Introduction It is vital for the organization to adopt different measurement methods for evaluating the performance and compensation of the employees in the organization. Employees are highly motivated to perform well if the organization brings transparency in the decision related to performance and compensation management in the organization. This is because, employees are provided with the compensation for the provision of performing different tasks in the organization for the purpose of fulfilling their individual needs. There is a requirement of engaging employees in the decision making process in order to increase their commitment towards the organization as they feel being valued by the organization (Chingos, 2002). Company Background Aldi is a retail supermarket chain established in the year 1913 in Germany. The company opened its first store in Australia in the year 2001. It helps in creating new employment opportunities by providing high quality products to its customers at low prices. The company has made strong and harmonious relationships with the suppliers in order to provide low cost products to customers in order to create value for them. The company provides opportunities to the farmers of the country which helps in reducing the competition in the market. The company has adopted simplified processes which help suppliers to provide more time for the investment made in the businesses (Aldi, 2017). In addition to this, the company provides large volume and consistent orders in a timely manner which helps in increasing the flow of their income. The company planned to expand its business operations in other parts of the Australia in order to increase the volume and provide opportunities to new and local suppliers. The company has approximately 8000 stores worldwide and continues to expand its business operations in North America, Europe and Australia. The company provides wide range of products to its customers. The company buys products in large volume from its suppliers in order to provide products at low cost to its customers (Aldi, 2017). Issue related to performance management and compensation management in Aldi Aldi has unfairly dismissed its various employees such as managers for alleged conduct towards fellow employees. After five months, the manager is terminated from the services of Aldi due to their conduct in the retail store. It is found that the employees in the organization bullying other employees which as an adverse impact on the performance of the employees in the organization (Carmody, 2015). The issues related to performance management occur due to the presence of lack of credibility among the supervisors. This happens in the organization due to the presence of inexperienced management, poor communication skills and general incompetence. The managers or supervisors provide or deliver inconsistent feedback to the employees that leads to the occurrence of poor performance management in the organization. This causes confusion, resentment among the employees which leads to the occurrence of distrust of different performance management reports (Armstrong, 2002). Besides this, employees do not get clear information related to the achievement of the task or goal in an effective manner if the managers or the owners of the company do not have a clear and established goal to be achieved by the organization. It is essential for the company to provide clear information related to different policies, procedures, programs, aim and goals of the organization to its employees. This helps in achieving the goals of the business in an effective manner. It is essential for the managers to provide safe working environment to its employees which also has a significant impact on the overall performance of the employees in the organization (Stiffler, 2006). Besides this, the compensation issue faced by Aldi includes that the company make less payment to new employees as compared to other employees in the organization. However, the company provides high salary benefits to the people at middle and top level management in the form of maternity leaves and superannuation benefits. The company make the payment of the salaries on the basis of the performance of the employees at the workplace. In addition to this, the performance of the employees is measured by receiving the feedback from the peer employees, customers, superiors and managers which helps in determining the pay of the employees (Gerhart and Rynes, 2003). Besides this, it also help employees to get the knowledge regarding the areas on which they have to work in order to improve their performance. In addition to this, the company experience low performance of its employees due to the reason that there is a lack of clear strategy for the purpose of achieving the clear goals of the company. Nowadays, company makes huge investment in research and development for the purpose of implementing automated processes in the organization that results in increasing the performance of the employees at the work place. There is a presence of huge work load on the employees of the organization which results in lowering the overall performance of the organization (Heneman and Greenberger, 2002). Analysis of performance management and compensation management issue in Aldi For the purpose of evaluating the performance of employees in the organization, the company adopts 360 degree feedback in which the views and opinions of different stakeholders of the company is considered. The company receives feedback from customers, subordinates, superiors and managers to evaluate the performance of the employees. Besides this, the employees are paid as per their performance in the organization. 360 degree feedback is a process by which employees receive feedback from the people around them that includes manager, peer group, customers and so on. In this process a form is filled by the people who provide feedback related to a particular employee which consists of different questions related to the performance of the employees. This method helps in assessing the performance of the employees and provides compensation to them based on their performance (Armstrong, 2007). In addition to this, this method also helps in providing information to the employees regarding their strengths and weaknesses that help them to receive training for improving their skills in an effective manner. This help managers to identify the need of providing training to its employees related to some of the skills which are required by them to perform the task. Besides this, the company evaluates the performance of the employees at the workplace by monitoring the availability of its products to the customer and if the level drops then training is provided to the employees related to order accuracy at the store. This is because, if there is unavailability of the product at the store, then the company loses its customers and thereby results in decline in the sale revenue and profits of the company. In addition to this, to prevent employee turnover and attract new talent in the organization the company provides industry leading salaries to them (Secord, 2003). In order to improve the performance of the employees in the organization, the company provides on the job training to employees in order to upgrade their skills in order to achieve high level of customer satisfaction. Besides this, in order to retain the employees in the organization there is a requirement to provide equal pay to the employees and does not discriminate them on the basis of race, gender, religion and so on. Provision of effective performance management framework and compensation packages help in increasing the commitment level and loyalty among employees in the organization (Hayes and Ninemeier, 2009). It is essential to improve the issues occurred in the organization as it leads to increase in the employee absenteeism and turnover in the organization. If the employees do not receive compensation as per the industry standards then they are not motivated to perform well in the organization and results in the occurrence of high level of employee dissatisfaction in the organization. Employees lose trust on their superiors and do not carry out different activities, tasks and responsibilities in a proper manner. If the employees do not receive adequate compensation for their performance in the organization then there is a decline in the commitment level of the employees and they try to switch their job to its competitors (Shields, et al. 2016). There is a requirement for the organization to understand the needs of the employees and try to fulfill them in order to increase the commitment level of the employees in the organization. In case of compensation management, the company uses agency theory for the purpose of making the payment to its stakeholders in a fair manner. As per this theory, the company needs to make the payment to its employees on the basis of their performance. In a similar way, management is paid for increasing the productivity of employees in the organization. They have also being paid on the basis of their expertise in the organization. Besides this, stockholders are paid or receive a part in the profit as they seek to increase the profits of the company by reducing the overall cost of the product. This theory aimed at improving the performance, productivity and profits of the company (Knox, 2015). The competitors of Aldi are keen to provide several benefits to its employees such as health and disability insurance, flexible working hours and so on which results in improving the overall performance of the organization. Employees are highly motivated to perform well in the organization. This also results in improving the productivity of the employees in the organization. the provision of flexible work hours facilitates employees to keep an optimum balance between their personal and professional life. For the purpose of providing incentives to the employees, the performance is measured at different levels in the organization on an 100 point scale in order to identify the high performers in the organization (Secord, 2003). Recommendations It is important for the organization to develop and establish a communication network that helps employees to share their views and opinions in an effective manner with other employees. This results in improving the skills of the employees in handling of the customer objections in an effective manner. Along with this, it is requisite for the managers to provide adequate and accurate information related to the goals and objectives of the business to its employees. This is because, the employees have a clear view regarding what is required from them to the organization to fulfill the aim of the business. It helps in directing the efforts of the employees towards the goal of the business. It is essential for the business to make an investment in research and development to bring or adopt new technologies which are aligned with the goal of the business as it facilitates in improving the overall performance of the organization (Armstrong, 2007). It is necessary for the managers to provide training to employees for the purpose of developing and upgrading new and existing skills for the purpose of improving their performance in the organization. Development of new skills helps them to perform the task in an effective manner and generate interests in them to perform it as they receive incentives for the increased performance in the organization. For improving the performance and productivity of the employees, it is essential to make managers accountable for the performance of the employees. These results in supervision of the activities carried out by the employees in an effective manner. The supervision of the activities results in bringing improvement in the performance of the employees. This is because, if the employees find difficulty in carrying out the activities then they can seek help from the managers or other employees at the same level to improve their efficiency to perform the task given to them. It is also essentia l for the managers to give adequate authority to the employees to make decisions as it results in improving the efficiency of the employees (Hayes and Ninemeier, 2009). It helps them to take decisions in a quick manner to provide high quality products and services to customers which results in improving the sales and profitability of the organization. Besides this, employees have a feeling of sense of belongingness with the company which results in achieving high level of employee satisfaction in the organization. The organization needs to bring transparency and honesty in carrying out different business operations as employees feel motivated and accept the changes brought in the organization in an easy manner. This results in improving their performance in the organization. For the retention of the employees in the organization, it is requisite to provide fair pay to the employees as per their level and complexity of the work. It is requisite that there is a presence of balanced ratio of pay for work throughout the organization (Knox, 2015). In order to attain this, the managers need to analyse the accountabilities and complexities present at each role for the purpose of calculation of the fair pay in the organization. The company is required to adopt succession planning in the organization which refers to transfer and promote employees to different levels within the organization which helps in career and professional development of the employees in the organization. This helps in improving the engagement and motivation of the employees in the organization. It is essential for the managers to engage employees in the decision making process by motivating and considering their views and opinions for bringing the required change in the organization. This helps in creating a sense in the employees that they are valued by the organization (Gerhart and Rynes, 2003). Conclusion It can be concluded that Aldi is a supermarket chain based in Germany and has opened its first store in Australia in the year 2001. The company uses 360 degree feedback and agency theory for the purpose of determing the performance and compensation of the employees in the organization. It is requisite for the company to implement effective performance management and compensation management in the organization in order to overcome or prevent the issues related to it in the organization. For the purpose of prevention of the issues associated with the performance and compensation in the organization there is a need to establish clear goal and objectives of the company and it needs to be communicated to the employees in a proper manner. Besides this, there is also a requirement of implementation of the succession planning in the organization as it provides different opportunities to develop their skills. Besides this, it also facilitates in increasing the level of motivation of the emplo yees in the organization. References Aldi. 2017. About Aldi. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aldi.com.au/en/about-aldi/ [Accessed on: 15 February 2017]. Armstrong, M. 2002. Employee Reward. CIPD Publishing. Armstrong, M. 2007. A Handbook of Employee Reward Management and Practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Carmody, B. 2015. Aldi ordered to pay former manager more than $37,000 following unfair dismissal case. [Online]. Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/legal/49128-aldi-ordered-to-pay-former-manager-more-than-37-000-following-unfair-dismissal-case/ [Accessed on: 15 February 2017]. Chingos, P.T. 2002. Paying for Performance: A Guide to Compensation Management. John Wiley Sons. Gerhart, B. and Rynes, S. 2003. Compensation: Theory, Evidence, and Strategic Implications. SAGE. Hayes, D.K. and Ninemeier, J.D. 2009. Human Resources Management in the Hospitality Industry. John Wiley Sons. Heneman, R.L. and Greenberger, D.B. 2002. Human Resource Management in Virtual Organizations. IAP. Knox, M. 2015. Supermarket Monsters: The Price of Coles and Woolworths' Dominance. Black Inc. Secord, H. 2003. Implementing Best Practices in Human Resources Management. CCH Canadian Limited. Shields, J. et al. 2016. Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Stiffler, M.A. 2006. Performance: Creating the Performance-Driven Organization. John Wiley Sons.

Differences in Languages between Arabic and English

ESL learners encounter many challenges in college writing. Nearly everyone is aware that students’ native language often affects their learning of the target language, English. However, not everyone can actually recognize the extent at which first language (Arabic) may have impact on the students’ second language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Languages between Arabic and English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The teachers should have the ability to study the other language to comprehend the reason why students are creating certain mistakes. During learning English, there are some regular errors students make while writing. This paper will discuss some of these challenges which I have experience while learning and how students can solve these issues. Run-on sentences Endlessly, most learners whose native language is Arabic always write continuous sentences with no full tops and in finite commas. The teachers may correct them but they will end up repeating. Arabic writing rules permits run-on sentences; hence there is no mistake in writing them. Most journals and news papers have run-on sentences and readers can follow these sentences without confusion. Therefore, the students should be informed that it is confusing for English learners to write endless sentences, unlike Arabic (Ellis 4). The teachers should provide them with solutions on how to tackle such issues through the use of periods, commas and connectors. Redundancy Just like run-on sentences, repetition of synonyms in one sentence is permitted and encouraged in Arabic languages since it shows the writers’ fluency and stresses the ideas. Some learners can have few vocabularies and sometimes repeat terms such as â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† all through the paper for instance. For this case, students should be provided with synonyms example so that they should use them in their essay (Ellis 7). The teachers should assist the learners with the good writing skills or patterns while understanding that they are changing writing and thinking patterns also rather than being irritated on the repetition of endless sentences by the students. To reduce the learners’ redundancy, they should be provided editing assignments to work on creating shorter sentences without repetition. Arabish A sentence like this may be confusing, â€Å"malaria does not spread through greetings with hand,† and it need proper rendering. This example of a sentence makes logical sense in Arabic writing but not in sense; the writer attempt to say that malaria does not caused by handshakes and greetings.Advertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The term â€Å"greetings† in Arabic is just same as the word â€Å"peace† so the writer simply used it. Some students are likely to plainly r ender this sentence from their native language to English. Such difficulties might not be solved in one instance as the learner requires exercising and reading a lot. Generating an excellent English foundation to express themselves at the same time the teacher should provide readings to the students while working one on one with student to help in translating Arabic in English language. Punctuation Most ESL students who possess Arabic background often have difficulty with punctuation. Arabic language has minimal restrictions in the use of commas and periods than English (Wahba 257). Accordingly, several learners use endless sum of commas in their second language run-on sentences. While semi-colons, nearly, does not exist and exclamation marks are very frequently used while writing English sentences. Therefore, there is essential for students to learn the use of punctuation in different sessions and relate the rules in editing exercises up to the time they are perfect. Writing organi zation The expressions like â€Å"Topic sentence,† â€Å"No new ideas in the conclusion† and â€Å"Thesis† are all entirely strange to Arabic writing (Ellis 7). The circular way of writing in English essay is differentiated with a linear example in Arabic essay where there is introduction of fresh ideas in the conclusion. Noticeably, the teacher for this instance should have the ability to develop new sequences in the learners’ minds and identify the dissimilarity between English and Arabic writing. English writing starts from left to right which is the opposite to that of Arabic writing. While writing, Arabic is performed in cursive, the structure of the letter changes at the time they are occurring alone, in the start, middle, or the last part of the word (Ellis 7). The above challenges discussed which are experienced by ESL students whose first language is Arabic may be reduced and even removed with reading English, editing exercises, and through the t eacher who is assistive and understanding the difficulties of writing the second language. Several mistakes are encountered when students over apply the native language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Languages between Arabic and English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Students should be encouraged to speak English always, at school and home, so that they reduce the errors because of negative first language transfer, but they should also learn more about the convections and rules of writing. Arabic language is similar to any other language, hard in some aspects and easy in other aspects, relying on the backgrounds of the readers or learners, and capability to cope with new rules. In addition, a person who has ability to speak more than one language has high likelihood to understand it easier, since the person’s brain has the capacity to cope with new vocabulary and rules. Works Cited Elli s, N C. â€Å"Language acquisition as rational contingency learning.† Applied Linguistics (2006): 28(1), 2-23. Print. Wahba, Kassem. Handbook for Arabic language teaching professionals in the 21st century. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. This essay on Differences in Languages between Arabic and English was written and submitted by user Cristopher Butler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

black man confused Essay

black man confused Essay black man confused Essay Thomas Andrews Eng-1100 Professor Christina Clarke May 20, 2015 Protesting has always been a way of showing that you are not happy with the way you are being treated either by your government officials or because of your ethnicity. For year we have seen throughout the world different types of protest some peaceful and some that have turned violent. I just can’t seem to understand why when you are protesting or better yet rioting, which seems to be in my culture the new why of showing that you are not in agreement with decisions or action of others not in the African- American community. In recent months I have seen two different instance where because of deaths to black men caused by the local police that the African-American community decided to show their anger or what they felt was unjust actions taken by the police in forms of riots. During the Civil Rights movements when blacks where treated difeerent from whites and their was no equal opportunity, blacks would protest by marching through the streets of the city throughout the state. Never would you see them riot within their own communities and destroy what little they had. Only when confronted by the police would you see violence begin to take place mostly done by the actions of the police. The protest where largely organized as peaceful demonstrations. I am a black man confused by the recent demostrations that have take place in the past 20 years. I remember the L.A. riots because of the Rodney King verdict. As a 15 year old kid watching the events unfold on t.v. I couldn’t understand why people where destroying their own community. I asked my dad what are they doing and I remember him saying son this is stupid. They are unhappy that the cops got off for wrongly beating this man to near death but instead of protesting around government buildings or in areas where the police headquarters is located their destroying their own community. Son this is stupid. More recently The Ferguson riots because of the Michael Brown shooting, once again rioting as a f orm of

Newspaper register comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Newspaper register comparison - Essay Example Since the author was describing about her father's recovery she used the function words more often. More number of function words was used in the first article compare to the second article. Function words were described in the 2nd page of class #2: Words and Word Classes. Verbs, nouns, pronouns, were used in high percentage by the author in order to describe the fatality and recovery of her father from an accident. The above three differences discussed shows the importance of the usage of grammar in day-to-day life. Words like thinking, excited, etc., usage of articles, function words, objective predicative, lexical words, etc., gives meaning to the descriptive methodologies. They provide different dimensions to express one's thoughts in phrases. References Petrina Gentile Zucco. (2006) Luxury fit for my father. The Globe And Mail, August 3. Scott Roberts. (2006) Heavy Net users light socializers, Statescan reports: Those who spend more than an hour a day on web are less available for their families. Statescan study, August 3, A5. Biber D, Conrad S and Leech G. (2002) Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

MSc International Development Studies Personal Statement

MSc International Development Studies - Personal Statement Example Earning a MS degree from one of the top ranked universities of the world would give me a competitive edge in my professional career. I have decided to apply in name of university because this educational institute has an experienced faculty not only in the department of International Development Studies department but also in all other fields of study. Studying under the guidance of such teachers will allow me to gain invaluable information about my intended major and grow intellectually in an appropriate manner. I want to become a successful economic development manager or a foreign correspondent, which would be possible if I get a higher degree in the field of International Development Studies. I want to be skilled in managing social organizations and people. I possess almost all qualities of a successful social organization’s manager, such as, openness, integrity, boldness, honesty, attentiveness, creativity, intelligence, care for others, visionary outlook, and effective leadership and communication skills. Some of my core strengths and abilities include: As far as my short-term and long-term goals are concerned, I have planned them according to my personal and professional interests. For example, my short-term goal is to earn a MS degree in International Development Studies from some reputable institute of the world to expand my knowledge and concepts. My long-term goal is to work for some high profile social or economic organization at an executive position. I have the experience of working as a project leader during my internships at a NGO in Mexico and at Center for Migration and Refugees Studies in Egypt. In addition, I have also participated in Erasmus Mundus Exchange Programme of the Lebanese American University and have done a Diploma in International Cooperation and Development from Italian

Criticisms And Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay

Criticisms And Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay A person can have many distinctive qualities, leadership is among those qualities, not everyone possess such quality, which made this quality special and extraordinary. In the field of business, a decision often comes down to success and failure, leadership is one of the most important quality for a managerial person to have. As Thomas J. Watson, Jr. had put it: I believe the real difference between success and failure in a corporation can be very often traced to the question of how well the organization brings out the great energies and talents of its people. Leaders that can bring positive or beneficial effect to a group or enterprise are consider as a transformational leader, they are energetic, passionate, not only they focus on the systems and the structure of a business, they also focus on the individual employee to do well and to be successful as well. According to Cox (2001), leadership is divided into two categories: transactional leadership and transformational leadership. The distinction between the two, according to James McGregor Burns work on political leader (1978), are those ones who uses the policy of rewards to motive and earn his/her employees efficiency and loyalty, is called transactional leader; and those ones who gets involve with his/her employee, also possess determination and committed towards success as well as motivates its employees in exchange for their high performance, also their loyalty. However, in this ever changing world, business leaders needs improve his/her skill and ability in order to coordinate wit h the change. In this particular essay, the main focus will be on the transformational leadership and some of the arguments and criticisms against it, as well as some counter arguments in favor of the transformational leadership; along with supporting explanations, facts and various examples. Arguments against Transformational Leadership Theory: Study results shows that Transformational Leadership have its positive effect on organizations, improve its work productivity, performance and as well as the creativities, according to Bass and Avolio (1994), it can be found in every aspect of an enterprise, because sometimes transformational leaders are the type of leaders needed for an company to survive, according to Burn (1978): recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential followerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower. A transformational leader in an organization often break through its frame of organization culture and thrive, which made transformational leadership one of the most renewed and popular leadership theory in modern days, nevertheless, its resplendency is not without oppugns. There are many criticisms against the theory of transformational leadership, one of the criticism is transformational theory is very difficult to be trained or taught, because its components are too comprehensive; on the other hands, one of the argument against transformational leadership is that supporters might be handled by leaders. Among them all, one of the important key criticisms against transformational theory is accusing it to be only for the selected individuals, which may lead to abusing of power. As Colonel Mark .A Homig (2001) have stated that: Transformational leadership is a double edged sword. Which means that, when a transformational leader over done his part in terms of leadership, his/her innate defect in personality or even later life experience can turn him/her into another type transformational leadership, the one on the opposite side-Pseudo transformation leadership. According to Mark. A. Homig: has a potential immoral and unethical dimension that could be exp loited by an unscrupulous leader inflicted on naive and unsuspecting followers. For example, Adolf Hitler was elected as the leader of Germany, he came into power during Germanys economic inflation and depression in 1920s, he did pull Germany out of its economic depression, however, after first couple of years honeymoon between him and the country, his follower later become so obsessed with him and followed him blindly into his conquest for his so called Lebensraum for Germany, which brought one of the worst disaster to Europe. Other example is Shoko Asahara, founder and leader of Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph, a Japanese cult that is responsible for the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995. The second key argument against transformational leadership is the un-clarity of its definition and components, since the definitions of the four components (Inspirational, Intellectual, Idealized, and Individualized) associated with transformational leadership are overlapping each other. According to Brayman (1992), the transformational leadership looks more suited to be a set of personality characteristics rather than special requirements. There are other various arguments against transformational leadership as well, like the ones associated with ethics, according to Avolio and Howell (1992), qualities that makes a great leader can lead to unethical act, as the first key point in this section stated, such leader can make his/her follower to make unethical decisions and even commit crimes as well, according to Yukl.G. (1998). One example for this case is Hitler. Within this essay, the focus will be on the above arguments, in the following section, and in-depth analysis will be done. Supports for the Transformational Leadership theory: Two of the key arguments against transformational leadership theory primarily focus on the un-clarity of its concepts, and accusing it to be misleading. However, if we take a closer look at the details and examine the core components of the transformational leadership theory, one can easily notices the arguments against transformational leadership is losing its roots. Based on Benard. M, Bass (2006)s book on Transformational leadership, the qualification of transformational leaders are those who has great personality qualities and the ability to influence others in exchange for their loyalty, it focuses on the processes between the leader and followers. Therefore, those who uses negative examples of transformational leadership such as Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini to fault the transformational leadership theorys core concept is false, because idea or the overall construction of the theory of the transformational leadership is solid, and does not varies when people interpolate it dif ferently. Arguments such as the requirements for transformational leadership are sets of personality traits, and it cannot be taught or learn, Oscar Arias (cited in blog: leadership, 2010) have stated: More than knowledge, leaders need character. Values and ethics are vitally important. The basics of leadership can be taught. What is desperately needed is more responsible leadership a new ethic to confront the challenges of our day. Based on an interview and commentary essay done by Jonathan P. Doh (, many educators believes that transformational leadership can be taught, in fact all types of leadership can be taught and learned. Here are some of the quoted interviews from that report: Jay Conger (Professor of Organizational Behavior at the London Business School and Senior Research Scientist, Center for Organizations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles) have :Yes, most definitely. Here work experiences, bosses, special projects, and role models, education all play a role in leadership development. Using an analogy with sports, not everyone can become an outstanding player despite coaching, yet most will benefit and improve their game. A few will go on to become stars or outstanding leaders given coaching, extensive experiences, and personal drive. Also from Kim S. Cameron (Professor of Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management at the University of Michigan Business School.) said that: Some people have an inclination to learn some competencies faster or better than others, of course, and some people reflect more charismatic or likable characteristics than others. But many great leaders are not those that appear on the covers of Time and Fortune. They have learned to achieve spectacular results in their own circumstances. Think of parents. Can people learn to become better parents, or are we just born either competent or not? Everyone would agree that effective parenting can be learned and improved. So can effective leadership. Leadership can also be taught, according to Jay Conger, Kim Cameron, and Steve Stumpf (cited in Jonathan P. Dohs interview essay), have all agreed that leadership can be taught, but only to a certain extent. The reason behind this is the three dimensions of leadership: skills, perspectives and dispositions. Just like in school, everything can be taught to students, but there are always some students do better than others, in terms of adapting knowledge, and the ability of applying the knowledge that they have learned. Skills can be taught, and perspectives can be trained, however, dispositions such as ambitions, mental capacity, etc.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.is difficult to teach. Bottom line is, leadership can be taught and learned through education and training. There are a lot of examples of leaders that proved valuable to a company, just to name of few in this essay. Steve Jobs is one of the perfect example, he was fired from apple and later came back, and turned Apple into one of the most profitable technology company in the world. Another example is Gordon Bethune, CEO of Continental Airlines (merged with United in 2010), and he joined Continental Airlines during its bankruptcy, during that time, company was losing $55 million dollars per month, he, however, not only eliminated the debt they had at that not, but also increased Continental Airlines stock price from $2 a share to $50 a share. Conclusion: In conclusion, Transformational leadership theory have proved its value throughout the modern days, even if there are some criticisms, it still not enough to effect the core concept of transformational leadership theory. Counter arguments in support for the transformational leadership theory, have proved its aptitude in work performance, quality and earn their loyalty. Key arguments have been vindicated in this essay, even though, motive of a leader sometimes is questionable, but this does not change the core construction of the theory; transformational leadership theory or any leadership theory can be learned or taught, only difference is how well one can adapt and apply the knowledge of leadership. Transformational leadership is surely one of the most popular theory, and most likely will become the resolution for todays organization, as todays enterprises facing many tough challenges such as creativity, sustainability, and uniqueness.

The Internets Accuracy and Usefullness :: Internet Research Papers

The Internet's Accuracy and Usefullness The following 15 web sites that I found on the Internet about the topic "Teenage Drinking and Driving" were given a rating between 1-5, with 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. I have listed these paragraphs in order with statistics being first, then prevention, and finally why teenagers drink and drive. Plus, I have an article and a book that I found on this topic. The information that I found on these web sites could be useful in writing a research paper, but I ask this question to myself: Can I find this data and information somewhere else? In my judgement when anyone is doing a research paper you can find the same data you find on the Internet in a book, magazine, or newspaper article. Although, I think that the Internet isn't very helpful in writing a research paper, some sites do have good data, but you just have to know how to find a good site. The web sites dealing with statistics were given a rate of 4 because I found them to be accurate sites for teenage drinking and driving, but you could find these sites in a book or article. The reason that I did not give them a 5 is because I did not feel that they were unique, and that you could not find them in another place. For example, in the web site called "Teenage Drunk Driving! Know the Facts!" This web site gave a lot of statistics on teenage drinking and driving, and how serious a problem it is in that specific age group (www.fugitive.com/is18.html). Another site that gave a lot of statistics was the site called "What the Research says about Youth and Drinking and Driving and Ways to Apply Research." This site gives statistics on teenage drinking and driving too, but it also talks about laws that should be passed in order to come down harder on DUI's because of the deaths that occur with these accidents (www.ncadd.com/tsra/abstracts/youth.html). The web sites in this paragraph also deal with statistics and was given a rating of 3. Although, these web sites were less accurate than the 4’s, I would probably use some of these. The first one comes from the California Office of Traffic Safety, gives statistics about Teenage Drinking and Driving in California (www.ots.ca.gov/campaign/3d98impaired.html) Next was the site from the Arizona Department of Safety, gives information on statistics of drinking and driving in Arizona compared to other states (www.

Deviants and Crime

The person who deviates distinctly from the norm is called a deviant. A deviant may also be defined as the person whose attitudes and behaviors go against the set societal norms or standards. Deviance is not age specific but it starts in the early ages of human development and if it goes unmarked, it ends up reaching a point of no return making an adult whose personality can be described by one word; a deviant. The act of deviance is learnt either by association with other deviants or by trying to give excuses to justify the acts of deviance leading to habit. Deviance and crime is one and the same thing.This is because, when one goes against the set of norms in this case the formal rules called law, this is crime. Deviants defy both the formal and informal (Social) standards and norms. For example, a deviant may go against the social norms and commit an act of nose picking in public or against the law and break into private premises with an intention of stealing. Based on this, devia nce is a subject of concern to both the socialists and the criminologists. These two professionals engage in a serious study of how norms are formed, changes that the norms undergo over time and the enforcement of norms.The sociology of deviance can be summarized in three main theories i. e. symbolic interactionism theory, Structural functionalism theory, and conflict theory. These theories try to explain the causes of deviance. Stealing is one example of deviance that is a serious crime in the US today. People do not wake up one day and become thieves. Theft is a habit that is learnt at childhood and continues into adulthood. This paper seeks to define and develop a sociological theory that explains deviance from the symbolic interactionism theory perspective (Rodney, 2007:pp 48)Symbolic Interactionism Theories All the theories under this class are of the view that deviant behavior is learnt. As a result of the learning, the deviant behaviors eventually become part of an individual ’s personality or character. The theories under this class include Sutherland's differential association theory, Gresham Sykes and David Matza's neutralization theory and Tannenbaum and Howard Becker’s labeling theory. Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that the criminal and deviant behaviors are not inherent in individuals but they are only learnt.It amplifies the common belief that all human are created good. Every individual is inherently good but society makes them bad. The learning of criminal or deviant behaviors is the same as the learning of other behaviors such as saying â€Å"thank you† when one gives a compliment or gives a favor. The learning process comes as a result of interaction between people or groups of people through the use of symbolic communication. The symbolic communication may also include ideas and attitudes that are transferred from one individual or group to another.If the symbols used in the communication are favor able and desirable than the converse, then an individual or group embraces deviance communicated by the symbols, ideas or attitudes and will tend to be oriented to of deviant behaviors more than any other behavior (Lanier, 2004 pp. 162-163). Taking theft as an example of a deviant criminal behavior, we realize that if an individual associates with an individual or group who steal or hold the idea of stealing more favorable than unfavorable, and the association is intimate, then motives ideas, attitudes , techniques etc that are favorable to stealing are learnt.Once this learning occurs and incase there is a need, then one will tend to steal and in this way we say that this criminal and deviant act of theft has resulted from symbolic interaction. The Neutralization theory, just like the name suggests, sets out to explain the ways that the deviants eventually kill their guilt conscience through rationalization. Some of the rationalizations used include the denial of responsibility of the deviant action aimed at making the criminal feel better.Denial of responsibility is simply an argument that the offender had no option and that any other person put under the same circumstances would have acted the same way the offender did. Continued denial of responsibility eventually kills the guilt conscience making the criminal cold and to have a propensity of committing the crime again. For example, if a criminal steals and accepts responsibility, then there is some guilt that comes with the acceptance and this guilt has a reform component. Failure of accepting responsibility rules out possibility of reform and thus high probability of committing the crime again in future.Other defense mechanisms or rationalizations used include the denial of damage and denial of victim. Denial of damage or injury refers to the reasoning that the criminal act did not hurt anybody and thus the offender is not morally wrong. This reasoning is based on the elementary conviction that if an act ion doesn’t cause any harm to others, then it is morally right. On the other hand, denial of the victim is an argument that the victim deserved the deviant act due to his /her perceived lack of morals by the offender. Denunciation of his denouncers is yet another rationalization used by deviants or criminals to protect their actions.It is an argument that those who denounce their actions have the potential of committing same or similar acts or they also commit similar acts and as such they are hypocrites. Denunciation of denouncers makes the offender feel better about his actions and it too blocks reform thus opening up a possibility of future criminal acts. Finally, appeal to higher loyalties involves positive reinforcement of the criminal act by what he beliefs in. The criminal argues that some values surpass the law or traditions and thus the criminal construes the values to be more important than the law.For example, if one steals because he is starving, he has done nothi ng because he believes in saving life. To him, life is more important than the law. Generally, under this theory, criminals rationalize criminal acts by neutralization (Lanier, 2004 pp. 168- 9). The labeling theory is a popular one which has been used not only in sociology but also in psychology. The psychological labeling theory, in a layman’s language states that if you continually call a child names, say a thief, the child will end up becoming one. Frank Tannenbaum and Howard S.Becker proposed the labeling theory in the sociological context. They said that the act of society creating rules whose violation amounts to defiance causes deviance in itself. If society says that the people who take other people’s property without permission are thieves and thieves are not good people, this definition amounts to labeling. The labeling represents the negative attitude the society holds against a deviant such as a thief and makes the offenders to internalize the label and try to act out the label by carrying out actions that conform to the label.For example labeling of a thief, makes the deviant such labeled to internalize this label and carries out acts of theft in a bid to conform to the label. This theory lies at the boundary of symbolic-interactionism and conflict theory. The conflict theory orientation of this theory proposes that the society wield power to create norms and label deviants. A good example is the prison system which labels the convicts of theft to a point that these theft convicts also begin to view themselves as thieves (Giddens, 2006 pp. 525-7).In a bid to reinforce the reinforce Edwin Lemert proposed the idea of primary and secondary deviation. He construed primary deviation to be the deviance before the deviant is labeled as such. Secondary deviance on the other hand is the acts of deviance that come after the primary deviance as a reaction to the societal institutions that have power to set norms and to label. Lemert explains fu rther how one moves from primary to secondary deviation and finally to assumption of the role of the label he/she has been given.The transition between these stages starts when an offender commits a deviant act for the first time prompting the society to administer some disciplinary penalties on him. If the disciplinary penalties administered on the primary deviant do not manage to stop the crime, the offender may act the same crime or deviance again thus prompting even harsher punishment from the society. The harsh punishment makes the offender to resent the society or the institution in the society that administers this harsh punishment. The resentment sets pace for more crimes with the institution reining harsher and harsher punishment on the offender.As the number of crimes increases the society, apart from the punishment given to the offender, lavishes stigma too on the offender. This stigma marks the labeling g stage. The stigma sandwiches the offender between a rock and a har d place where he has no option than accept the role prescribed by the label. In a bid to fulfill the role, the offender acts out the role prescribed in the label and this constitutes the secondary deviance. Secondary deviance hardens the criminals courtesy of the labeling act by the societyPrimary and secondary deviance is witnessed in the American legal system when a first time offender receives lesser punishment as compared to a second or multiple time offender of the same crime. For both the offenders, say thieves, the punishment is meant to reform them. The multiple time offenders get a harsher punishment because the society feels that the first- time punishment was not sufficient enough making the offender commit a second crime. The second time offender is more likely to commit the crime the third time that the first time offender is to commit a second crime.The implication of this primary and secondary deviance can be applied in the prison system where the criminals are suppos ed to be viewed as good people except fore the crimes they have committed. They should not be condemned but subjected to rehabilitation. This is necessary because it has been witnessed that the harsher the punishment, the deeper the deviance and the higher the probability of the crime or deviance being repeated again (Hanson, 2005, P75). In conclusion, the reformation of criminals should not be harsh and inhuman.The harsh and often inhuman punishments we witness in our American prisons were put in place to scare the larger good population away from crime. It is evident that this intention has blatantly failed and thus there is need for an alternative strategy. This is necessary because if people are no longer scared of that harsh and inhuman punishment, then they will automatically engage in criminal activities. This is the same as threatening a person who doesn’t fear death with death. This won’t achieve any end at all. However, removal of such harsh and inhuman punis hment may trigger the same response that its existence triggers; resistance.What will happen if people know that the punishment given after a crime is lighter than before? The US government represented by the prison system is at a cross road and there is dire need to try a punishment devoid rehabilitation approach as opposed to the harsh punishment. Just like labeling has the impact of acting out, positive labeling may create desirable reformation in the criminals. The society too needs to be sensitized so as to respect the innate goodness of the criminals such as to avoid stigmatization that has led to the hardening and resistance of the criminals. References Rodney, Stark Sociology; Biological Theories of Deviance (10th edition) Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007 Newman, Graeme Crime and Deviance: A Comparative Perspective. Michigan: Sage Publications, 1980 pp127-135 Giddens, Anthony Sociology. Polity Publishers, 2006 pp 525-7 Lanier, Mark Essential Criminology. Westview Press, 2004. pp 168-9   

The Relationship Between Bisexuality And Its Effects On...

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